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	<title>Libya &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<title>Libya &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<item>
		<title>Empowering local actors to ensure climate resilience in Libya</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/empowering-local-actors-to-ensure-climate-resilience-in-libya/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/empowering-local-actors-to-ensure-climate-resilience-in-libya/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Malak Altaeb]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2025 10:29:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5079</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Political fragmentation and instability have harmed Libya’s ability to manage its natural resources and mitigate the rising impacts of climate change. In 2019, the country was ranked among the top 25 most water-stressed nations worldwide by the World Resources Institute, and it faces mounting environmental challenges – from desertification and rising temperatures to frequent extreme [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/empowering-local-actors-to-ensure-climate-resilience-in-libya/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>How Haftar’s focus on southern Libya relates to a growing regional strategy</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-haftars-focus-on-southern-libya-relates-to-a-growing-regional-strategy/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-haftars-focus-on-southern-libya-relates-to-a-growing-regional-strategy/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmed Ahmed]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2025 11:51:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geopolitics & security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4755</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Libya’s vast southwestern Fezzan region is vital to Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar as he strives for financial independence and international recognition. Having become the unequalled military authority in the region, Haftar’s Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF) are steadily encroaching on government prerogatives to capture local markets and revenue flows. Critical to these efforts are the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-haftars-focus-on-southern-libya-relates-to-a-growing-regional-strategy/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>How conflict shapes practices within transnational human smuggling and trafficking networks</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 12:12:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sahel]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4267</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Agadez in northern Niger and Sebha in southern Libya are transit hubs along the same transnational human smuggling route linking West Africa to the Libyan coastline, and Europe. Both are desert cities, located approximately 1,300 kilometres apart, and both have comparable geographic features. Both cities are historic trading centres in the Sahara desert whose populations [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Reconstructing Derna: The Libyan state has failed its people and the international community has a responsibility to make amends</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/reconstructing-derna-the-libyan-state-has-failed-its-people-and-the-international-community-has-a-responsibility-make-amends/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/reconstructing-derna-the-libyan-state-has-failed-its-people-and-the-international-community-has-a-responsibility-make-amends/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Oct 2023 14:00:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=3503</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The structure of a fund to reconstruct Derna must navigate political divides to be Libyan-owned and internationally overseen. A precedent for this is a fund developed in 2011 amid the civil war. The tragedy that befell the Libyan city of Derna and the surrounding areas after two dams burst on 11 September 2023 following devastating [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/reconstructing-derna-the-libyan-state-has-failed-its-people-and-the-international-community-has-a-responsibility-make-amends/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Human Smuggling and Trafficking to Libya</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/human-smuggling-and-trafficking-to-libya/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/human-smuggling-and-trafficking-to-libya/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kalam Admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 2023 14:33:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1936</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&#160; In this Twitter Space, join Senior Research Fellow, Tim Eaton and Project Manager, Leah de Haan for a deep dive into the interaction of conflict dynamics and economic factors within the conflict supply chain of human smuggling and trafficking. By looking at some of the key hubs of Kufra, Sebha and Agadez, this Twitter [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/human-smuggling-and-trafficking-to-libya/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Stability at what cost? Smuggling-driven development in the Libyan city of Kufra</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Feb 2023 14:11:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1890</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The case of Kufra raises difficult questions for policymakers over what interventions to support in places that have come to thrive on illicit cross-border trade.  &#160; The Libyan city of Kufra is an important trade hub for goods crossing its borders with Sudan and Chad. Since 2011, human smuggling has come to play a complex [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>A deal on state spending can kickstart Libya’s political process</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-deal-on-state-spending-can-kickstart-libyas-political-process/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-deal-on-state-spending-can-kickstart-libyas-political-process/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 May 2022 12:10:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1735</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A renewed governance split in Libya is blocking progress on agreeing an electoral framework. Ending the standoff over state spending could break the impasse. The failure to hold scheduled elections in December 2021 derailed Libya&#8217;s political roadmap, heightening animosity between the Government of National Unity (GNU) &#8211; the country&#8217;s first unified government since 2014 &#8211; [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-deal-on-state-spending-can-kickstart-libyas-political-process/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Libyan Arab Armed Forces</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-libyan-arab-armed-forces/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-libyan-arab-armed-forces/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2021 10:40:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1613</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In recent years, the Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF), under the command of Khalifa Haftar, has dominated authorities in eastern Libya, expanded into southern Libya and sought to capture the capital, Tripoli. Unlike other armed groups, the LAAF has increased its territorial control and absorbed new, diverse forces into its structure. However, the challenge of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-libyan-arab-armed-forces/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Can Libya’s new interim government break the impasse?</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/can-libyas-new-interim-government-break-the-impasse/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/can-libyas-new-interim-government-break-the-impasse/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 16 Feb 2021 09:51:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1543</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[On 5 February, the UN-assembled Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF) appointed a new interim government. Intended to see the country through until elections scheduled for 24 December 2021, the appointment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) ostensibly breaks the political deadlock of the past five years. But what can the GNU achieve? And how [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/can-libyas-new-interim-government-break-the-impasse/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Development of Libyan Armed Groups Since 2014</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-development-of-libyan-armed-groups-since-2014/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-development-of-libyan-armed-groups-since-2014/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Abdul Rahman Alageli]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2020 08:55:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1477</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Community Dynamics and Economic Interests This paper explores armed group&#8211;community relations in Libya and the sources of revenue that have allowed armed groups to grow in power and influence. It draws out the implications for policy and identifies options for mitigating conflict dynamics. Click here to download this research paper.]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-development-of-libyan-armed-groups-since-2014/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
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