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	<title>Conflict &amp; violence &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<title>Conflict &amp; violence &#8211; Kalam</title>
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		<title>Syria on moving sands: why the SDF–Damascus settlement defers rather than resolves conflict</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/syria-on-moving-sands-why-the-sdf-damascus-settlement-defers-rather-than-resolves-conflict/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/syria-on-moving-sands-why-the-sdf-damascus-settlement-defers-rather-than-resolves-conflict/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Rana Khalaf]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 15:36:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Levant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Recent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syria]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5509</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The agreement between Syria’s interim government and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to integrate Kurdish forces into state institutions is being read by commentators as a step towards establishing unified state control over armed actors and offering a degree of decentralization to Kurdish-majority areas. However, such readings miss a critical issue. The settlement disadvantages the SDF, reversing much of its conflict-born territorial and resource gains, and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/syria-on-moving-sands-why-the-sdf-damascus-settlement-defers-rather-than-resolves-conflict/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>How Europe and the GCC can respond to growing armed group cooperation</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-europe-and-the-gcc-can-respond-to-growing-armed-group-cooperation/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-europe-and-the-gcc-can-respond-to-growing-armed-group-cooperation/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Eleonora Ardemagni]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 16:38:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5365</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Across the broader Mediterranean, particularly along the Red Sea and the North Africa–Horn corridors, armed groups are increasingly cooperating across borders. These linkages, fuelled primarily by smuggling networks, allow groups to transfer arms, military equipment and know-how. This has resulted in more capable and more resilient networks operating across land and maritime corridors that are [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-europe-and-the-gcc-can-respond-to-growing-armed-group-cooperation/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>The role of transnational networks in Kurdish migration to the UK</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-role-of-transnational-networks-in-kurdish-migration-to-the-uk/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-role-of-transnational-networks-in-kurdish-migration-to-the-uk/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Zmkan Ali Saleem]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2024 12:49:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4500</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In February 2024, Europol announced the dismantling ‘one of the most active and largest people-smuggling gangs operating in Calais’ with the help of German, French and Belgian police. Many migrants on their way to the UK from Iraq and the rest of the Middle East to the UK gather in the French city of Calais [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-role-of-transnational-networks-in-kurdish-migration-to-the-uk/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>How conflict shapes practices within transnational human smuggling and trafficking networks</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 12:12:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sahel]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4267</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Agadez in northern Niger and Sebha in southern Libya are transit hubs along the same transnational human smuggling route linking West Africa to the Libyan coastline, and Europe. Both are desert cities, located approximately 1,300 kilometres apart, and both have comparable geographic features. Both cities are historic trading centres in the Sahara desert whose populations [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ignoring the roots of violence in the Israel–Palestine conflict challenges any future peace</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/ignoring-the-roots-of-violence-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict-challenges-any-future-peace/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/ignoring-the-roots-of-violence-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict-challenges-any-future-peace/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hayder Al-Shakeri]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Oct 2023 15:58:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Levant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Israel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Palestine]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=3513</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Only by addressing the suffering on all sides can we understand what is happening – and what can come next. Full article in English is published here. The full Arabic translation could be found here.]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/ignoring-the-roots-of-violence-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict-challenges-any-future-peace/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>An Ancient Tradition at Risk: Yemen’s Beekeeping and Honey Production in Times of War</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/an-ancient-tradition-at-risk-yemens-beekeeping-and-honey-production-in-times-of-war/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/an-ancient-tradition-at-risk-yemens-beekeeping-and-honey-production-in-times-of-war/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dr Abdullah Nasher]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 15:22:12 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Yemen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1996</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Beekeeping in Yemen is as ancient as Yemeni civilization itself. Yemenis have mastered their beekeeping skills over centuries and can trace their rich heritage in apiculture (beekeeping) back to their pre-Islamic ancestors. In the Kingdom of Hadramawt, during the 10th century BC, trading honey was reported to have been the fourth largest economic sector. 1 [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/an-ancient-tradition-at-risk-yemens-beekeeping-and-honey-production-in-times-of-war/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Conflict Supply Chains across Lebanon and Syria</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/conflict-supply-chains-across-lebanon-and-syria/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/conflict-supply-chains-across-lebanon-and-syria/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kalam Admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 2023 14:52:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Levant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lebanon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syria]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1940</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&#160; How do conflict economies and transnational conflict systems interconnect? Join former Director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Chatham House, Dr Lina Khatib and XCEPT Project Manager Leah de Haan for a discussion of the cross-border conflict economy moving from Lebanon through to Syria, Jordan and into Iraq. &#160; Find out [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/conflict-supply-chains-across-lebanon-and-syria/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		<enclosure url="https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/fWGZEaZ9OOzUhU5EzmyUu1Wr0yHeXPwaIVQ6mnZK.mp3" length="23217759" type="audio/mpeg" />

			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Human Smuggling and Trafficking to Libya</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/human-smuggling-and-trafficking-to-libya/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/human-smuggling-and-trafficking-to-libya/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kalam Admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 2023 14:33:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1936</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&#160; In this Twitter Space, join Senior Research Fellow, Tim Eaton and Project Manager, Leah de Haan for a deep dive into the interaction of conflict dynamics and economic factors within the conflict supply chain of human smuggling and trafficking. By looking at some of the key hubs of Kufra, Sebha and Agadez, this Twitter [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/human-smuggling-and-trafficking-to-libya/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		<enclosure url="https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/KoesSYVC0owG5sO17OLFu7IJ0hF1Rau1bNi5jRJg.mp3" length="33132169" type="audio/mpeg" />

			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Stability at what cost? Smuggling-driven development in the Libyan city of Kufra</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Feb 2023 14:11:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1890</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The case of Kufra raises difficult questions for policymakers over what interventions to support in places that have come to thrive on illicit cross-border trade.  &#160; The Libyan city of Kufra is an important trade hub for goods crossing its borders with Sudan and Chad. Since 2011, human smuggling has come to play a complex [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>The motives and methods of people smuggling between Syria and Lebanon</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-motives-and-methods-of-people-smuggling-between-syria-and-lebanon/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-motives-and-methods-of-people-smuggling-between-syria-and-lebanon/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Mazen Ezzi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2022 13:56:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Levant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geopolitics & security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lebanon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syria]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1866</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[On the Syria-Lebanon border, the reason why someone requires the help of people smugglers will determine the route &#8211; and the price. There are dozens of illegal crossings along the Syria-Lebanon border, through which hundreds of people cross every day along various smuggling routes. The people smuggling is controlled by local smuggling networks and XCEPT [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-motives-and-methods-of-people-smuggling-between-syria-and-lebanon/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
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