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	<title>Regional &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<title>Regional &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<item>
		<title>How Europe and the GCC can respond to growing armed group cooperation</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-europe-and-the-gcc-can-respond-to-growing-armed-group-cooperation/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-europe-and-the-gcc-can-respond-to-growing-armed-group-cooperation/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Eleonora Ardemagni]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 16:38:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5365</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Across the broader Mediterranean, particularly along the Red Sea and the North Africa–Horn corridors, armed groups are increasingly cooperating across borders. These linkages, fuelled primarily by smuggling networks, allow groups to transfer arms, military equipment and know-how. This has resulted in more capable and more resilient networks operating across land and maritime corridors that are [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-europe-and-the-gcc-can-respond-to-growing-armed-group-cooperation/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Containment and adaptation: governance in the Arab World after 2011</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/containment-and-adaptation-governance-in-the-arab-world-after-2011/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/containment-and-adaptation-governance-in-the-arab-world-after-2011/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sanam Vakil]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 10:31:07 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5311</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The post-Arab Spring period has been less about transformation than containment. More than a decade after protests spread across the Arab world, most political systems neither collapsed nor democratized. Instead, they adapted, reshaping governance in ways that absorbed popular pressure while preserving existing power structures. When protests swept the region in 2011, they were driven [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/containment-and-adaptation-governance-in-the-arab-world-after-2011/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>How Russia, Turkey and Iran are reshaping the Caucasus</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-russia-turkey-and-iran-are-reshaping-the-caucasus/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-russia-turkey-and-iran-are-reshaping-the-caucasus/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Natalie Sabanadze]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 10:40:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geopolitics & security]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5037</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In recent years, the South Caucasus has become a microcosm of multipolarity, with Russia, Turkey and Iran competing for influence and navigating a fragile mix of cooperation and rivalry. The post-Cold War regional order – dominated by Russia and defined by its standoff with the West – was structured around two main axes: the Russia–Armenia–Iran [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-russia-turkey-and-iran-are-reshaping-the-caucasus/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>From parallel ambitions to colliding spheres: Iran–Turkey rivalry in a connected region</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/from-parallel-ambitions-to-colliding-spheres-iran-turkey-rivalry-in-a-connected-region/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/from-parallel-ambitions-to-colliding-spheres-iran-turkey-rivalry-in-a-connected-region/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hamidreza Azizi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jul 2025 10:18:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geopolitics & security]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5021</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This article was written prior to the 12 June 2025 escalation between Iran and Israel. The collapse of Syria’s Assad regime in late 2024 marked a turning point in Iranian–Turkish competition. It not only undercut Iran’s axis of resistance but also gave Turkey a decisive advantage in Syria and reinforced its hand in the South [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/from-parallel-ambitions-to-colliding-spheres-iran-turkey-rivalry-in-a-connected-region/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>US U-turn on sustainability creates opportunities for China in MENA and challenges European donors to bridge the gap</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/us-u-turn-on-sustainability-creates-opportunities-for-china-in-mena-and-challenges-european-donors-to-bridge-the-gap/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/us-u-turn-on-sustainability-creates-opportunities-for-china-in-mena-and-challenges-european-donors-to-bridge-the-gap/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmed Aboudouh]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2025 15:13:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4906</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is bracing for significant cuts to aid and to sustainable finance under US President Donald Trump’s administration. Not only are the reductions affecting US contributions, but they could also hit European and Asian democratic donors, such as Japan, as well as multilateral donors. The question arises: where [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/us-u-turn-on-sustainability-creates-opportunities-for-china-in-mena-and-challenges-european-donors-to-bridge-the-gap/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>A careful balancing act: Turkey-Iran competition in regional Kurdish geopolitics</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-careful-balancing-act-turkey-iran-competition-in-regional-kurdish-geopolitics/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-careful-balancing-act-turkey-iran-competition-in-regional-kurdish-geopolitics/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Winthrop Rodgers]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2025 09:26:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iraq]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Levant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geopolitics & security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4862</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[By virtue of geography and demography, Kurdish populations will always play a role in relations between Turkey and Iran. Both countries are accused of marginalizing and oppressing their own Kurdish communities, and oppose Kurdish self-determination at home and around the region. Yet, they also tactically support Kurdish groups in the neighbouring countries of Iraq and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-careful-balancing-act-turkey-iran-competition-in-regional-kurdish-geopolitics/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Competing visions: Turkey, Iran and the struggle to shape the regional order</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/competing-visions-turkey-iran-and-the-struggle-to-shape-the-regional-order/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/competing-visions-turkey-iran-and-the-struggle-to-shape-the-regional-order/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sanam Vakil]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Apr 2025 11:37:51 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geopolitics & regional security]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4831</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In an increasingly uncertain geopolitical landscape and amid intensifying competition between key powers, countries in the region are adjusting their foreign policy approaches in response to shifting power dynamics. These shifts are driven by several factors, including US–China tensions, global fragmentation, ongoing regional rivalries and pronounced instability. In the absence of a comprehensive regional security [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/competing-visions-turkey-iran-and-the-struggle-to-shape-the-regional-order/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>China’s green finance in the Middle East and North Africa</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/chinas-green-finance-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/chinas-green-finance-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmed Aboudouh]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2024 10:08:36 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4583</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[China is a major green financier in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) despite being classified as a developing country in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In this it is driven by the structural recalibration of its industrial policies and its economic growth model. China has adopted a diverse pool of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/chinas-green-finance-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Beyond the uprisings: Pragmatic lessons from the Arab Spring</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/beyond-the-uprisings-pragmatic-lessons-from-the-arab-spring/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/beyond-the-uprisings-pragmatic-lessons-from-the-arab-spring/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Farea Al-Muslimi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2024 12:37:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4525</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Nearly 15 years after the Arab Spring, the countries that experienced those uprisings have either slipped back into the grip of authoritarian leaders or are grappling with significant instability. For those individuals at the forefront of protest movements that advocated wide-ranging reforms, the inability to realize the goals of the uprisings has triggered a process [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/beyond-the-uprisings-pragmatic-lessons-from-the-arab-spring/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Will China project hard military power in the Middle East?</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/will-china-project-hard-military-power-in-the-middle-east/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/will-china-project-hard-military-power-in-the-middle-east/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmed Aboudouh]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Aug 2023 11:00:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Qatar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Saudi Arabia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UAE]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=3165</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Although China is likely to use the MENA region as a battleground in the war of values and principles that will shape the future of the world order, it will not resort to military means to realize its objectives. Under Xi Jinping, China has successfully increased its influence in the Middle East and North Africa [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/will-china-project-hard-military-power-in-the-middle-east/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
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