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	<title>Gulf &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<title>Gulf &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<item>
		<title>Gulf energy can bypass the Strait of Hormuz, but only with political unity</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/gulf-energy-can-bypass-the-strait-of-hormuz-but-only-with-political-unity/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/gulf-energy-can-bypass-the-strait-of-hormuz-but-only-with-political-unity/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Naser Alsayed]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 09:43:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Recent]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5576</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The disruption of the Strait of Hormuz poses a major threat to the economic security of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, which remain heavily dependent on hydrocarbon export revenues. As a result, developing alternative export routes to reduce reliance on the Strait has become an urgent priority. Although there is an urgent need to [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/gulf-energy-can-bypass-the-strait-of-hormuz-but-only-with-political-unity/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Gulf investment in Africa: opportunity, asymmetry and the risk of dependence</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/gulf-investment-in-africa-opportunity-asymmetry-and-the-risk-of-dependence/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/gulf-investment-in-africa-opportunity-asymmetry-and-the-risk-of-dependence/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Turhan Hizli]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 16:36:31 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Recent]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5537</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Gulf states are no longer peripheral players in Africa’s political economy. Over the last decade, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have invested over $100 billion in Africa, led by the UAE with $59.4 billion, followed by Saudi Arabia at $25.6 billion, while bilateral trade has surged to $121 billion. The UAE is now Africa’s fourth-largest [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/gulf-investment-in-africa-opportunity-asymmetry-and-the-risk-of-dependence/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Anti-harassment reform: creating safer workplaces in Saudi Arabia</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/anti-harassment-reform-creating-safer-workplaces-in-saudi-arabia/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/anti-harassment-reform-creating-safer-workplaces-in-saudi-arabia/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Beata Polok]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Jan 2026 15:39:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gender]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5296</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Anti-Harassment Law of 2018 is an important step forward in creating safer workplaces for women in Saudi Arabia, and is a key component of efforts to support their growing participation in the labour market under the Vision 2030 reform agenda. By criminalizing harassment, setting clear penalties, establishing employer obligations and complaint mechanisms, the law [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/anti-harassment-reform-creating-safer-workplaces-in-saudi-arabia/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Navigating digital labour transitions in MENA: Lessons from Qatar and Lebanon</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/navigating-digital-labour-transitions-in-mena-lessons-from-qatar-and-lebanon/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/navigating-digital-labour-transitions-in-mena-lessons-from-qatar-and-lebanon/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sara Cherqaoui]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 10:31:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Levant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lebanon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Qatar]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5234</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Digital transformation is reshaping labour markets across the Middle East and North Africa. Broadly defined, digital labour refers to employment that is mediated or enabled by digital technologies. Examples include digital platform-based gig work, remote freelancing, and other online or ICT-facilitated jobs. In a region where inequality and labour informality continue to shape both access to, and outcomes of, digital employment, shifts in digital labour demand urgent and inclusive policy responses.   Qatar and Lebanon – two states with structural and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/navigating-digital-labour-transitions-in-mena-lessons-from-qatar-and-lebanon/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Saudi Arabia and Oman&#8217;s transformation strategies must move from performative to genuine citizen engagement</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/saudi-arabia-and-omans-transformation-strategies-must-move-from-performative-to-genuine-citizen-engagement/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/saudi-arabia-and-omans-transformation-strategies-must-move-from-performative-to-genuine-citizen-engagement/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sumaiya Al-Wahaibi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2025 14:19:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Saudi Arabia]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5071</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Oman and Saudi Arabia are integrating youth and civil society into governance, but largely on the state’s terms. These are tightly managed attempts to sustain legitimacy amid economic transformation. While both states project inclusion, genuine accountability remains constrained by elite control and institutional limitations. Saudi Arabia, having restructured the leadership patterns among traditional elites  under [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/saudi-arabia-and-omans-transformation-strategies-must-move-from-performative-to-genuine-citizen-engagement/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Moving beyond handouts: The strategic imperative for domestic resource mobilization in Yemen</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/moving-beyond-handouts-the-strategic-imperative-for-domestic-resource-mobilization-in-yemen/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/moving-beyond-handouts-the-strategic-imperative-for-domestic-resource-mobilization-in-yemen/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Farea Al-Muslimi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2025 14:05:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Yemen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=5058</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The government of Yemen, recognized internationally yet territorially and institutionally fragmented, faces one of the gravest fiscal crises in its modern history. Following Houthi attacks on oil export infrastructure in southern Yemen in 2022, hydrocarbon revenues – once the backbone of state finance – have declined by nearly 70 per cent. A further precipitous drop [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/moving-beyond-handouts-the-strategic-imperative-for-domestic-resource-mobilization-in-yemen/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Women’s empowerment in the Gulf: the question of personal status law</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/womens-empowerment-in-the-gulf-the-question-of-personal-status-law/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/womens-empowerment-in-the-gulf-the-question-of-personal-status-law/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hanaa Almoaibed]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Apr 2025 10:45:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gender]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4805</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In order to remain globally and economically competitive, countries in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) are pursuing diversification agendas in the form of ‘visions’ that strive to move away from a reliance on fossil fuels and international labour. This has, in turn, shifted the status of women in the economy and society which is reflected [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/womens-empowerment-in-the-gulf-the-question-of-personal-status-law/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Green finance is picking up in the GCC, but its challenges may restrain the transition across MENA</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/green-finance-is-picking-up-in-the-gcc-but-its-challenges-may-restrain-the-transition-across-mena/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/green-finance-is-picking-up-in-the-gcc-but-its-challenges-may-restrain-the-transition-across-mena/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ahmed Aboudouh]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Apr 2025 15:06:05 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[External actors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4814</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Green finance is critical to the efforts of Gulf countries to reduce their reliance on oil revenues. Analysis of their efforts to date reveals significant progress in the unveiling of green financing instruments. However, the data illustrates that fully realising these goals as part of a programme of sustainable growth is going to be dependent [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/green-finance-is-picking-up-in-the-gcc-but-its-challenges-may-restrain-the-transition-across-mena/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>What does the COP29 finance agreement mean for the Gulf countries?</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/what-does-the-cop29-finance-agreement-mean-for-the-gulf-countries/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/what-does-the-cop29-finance-agreement-mean-for-the-gulf-countries/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Aisha Al-Sarihi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:44:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4666</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The 29th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) that was held in Baku in November 2024, described as the “Finance COP”, established a new collective quantified goal on climate finance (NCQG). This replaces the outdated target set in 2009 for developed countries to [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/what-does-the-cop29-finance-agreement-mean-for-the-gulf-countries/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>How Saudi women are pioneering sustainability through art, heritage and community</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-saudi-women-are-pioneering-sustainability-through-art-heritage-and-community/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-saudi-women-are-pioneering-sustainability-through-art-heritage-and-community/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hanaa Almoaibed]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Oct 2024 11:15:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Gulf]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gender]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Saudi Arabia]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4624</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In recent years, Gulf states have experienced a shift in attitudes towards climate action and sustainability as many become increasingly aware of the negative impacts of climate change with rising temperatures, water scarcity and extreme weather events continuing to pose great challenges to the region. Gulf state agendas foresee an organic evolution into alternative energies [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-saudi-women-are-pioneering-sustainability-through-art-heritage-and-community/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
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