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	<title>Tim Eaton &#8211; Kalam</title>
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	<title>Tim Eaton &#8211; Kalam</title>
	<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org</link>
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	<item>
		<title>How conflict shapes practices within transnational human smuggling and trafficking networks</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 12:12:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sahel]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=4267</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Agadez in northern Niger and Sebha in southern Libya are transit hubs along the same transnational human smuggling route linking West Africa to the Libyan coastline, and Europe. Both are desert cities, located approximately 1,300 kilometres apart, and both have comparable geographic features. Both cities are historic trading centres in the Sahara desert whose populations [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/how-conflict-shapes-practices-within-transnational-human-smuggling-and-trafficking-networks/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ignoring the roots of violence in the Israel–Palestine conflict challenges any future peace</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/ignoring-the-roots-of-violence-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict-challenges-any-future-peace/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/ignoring-the-roots-of-violence-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict-challenges-any-future-peace/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hayder Al-Shakeri]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Oct 2023 15:58:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Levant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Israel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Palestine]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=3513</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Only by addressing the suffering on all sides can we understand what is happening – and what can come next. Full article in English is published here. The full Arabic translation could be found here.]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/ignoring-the-roots-of-violence-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict-challenges-any-future-peace/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Reconstructing Derna: The Libyan state has failed its people and the international community has a responsibility to make amends</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/reconstructing-derna-the-libyan-state-has-failed-its-people-and-the-international-community-has-a-responsibility-make-amends/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/reconstructing-derna-the-libyan-state-has-failed-its-people-and-the-international-community-has-a-responsibility-make-amends/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Oct 2023 14:00:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=3503</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The structure of a fund to reconstruct Derna must navigate political divides to be Libyan-owned and internationally overseen. A precedent for this is a fund developed in 2011 amid the civil war. The tragedy that befell the Libyan city of Derna and the surrounding areas after two dams burst on 11 September 2023 following devastating [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/reconstructing-derna-the-libyan-state-has-failed-its-people-and-the-international-community-has-a-responsibility-make-amends/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Stability at what cost? Smuggling-driven development in the Libyan city of Kufra</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Feb 2023 14:11:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1890</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The case of Kufra raises difficult questions for policymakers over what interventions to support in places that have come to thrive on illicit cross-border trade.  &#160; The Libyan city of Kufra is an important trade hub for goods crossing its borders with Sudan and Chad. Since 2011, human smuggling has come to play a complex [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/stability-at-what-cost-smuggling-driven-development-in-the-libyan-city-of-kufra/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>A deal on state spending can kickstart Libya’s political process</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-deal-on-state-spending-can-kickstart-libyas-political-process/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-deal-on-state-spending-can-kickstart-libyas-political-process/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 May 2022 12:10:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1735</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A renewed governance split in Libya is blocking progress on agreeing an electoral framework. Ending the standoff over state spending could break the impasse. The failure to hold scheduled elections in December 2021 derailed Libya&#8217;s political roadmap, heightening animosity between the Government of National Unity (GNU) &#8211; the country&#8217;s first unified government since 2014 &#8211; [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/a-deal-on-state-spending-can-kickstart-libyas-political-process/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Tackling corruption is focus for MENA in 2022</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/tackling-corruption-is-focus-for-mena-in-2022/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/tackling-corruption-is-focus-for-mena-in-2022/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Lina Khatib]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Feb 2022 11:49:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Regional]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1705</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[To tackle corruption in the MENA region, the international community must prioritize accountability over stability. Tackling entrenched corruption will be a key focus of the political discourse in the Middle East and North Africa in 2022. International policymakers will look to anti-corruption as a framework that can be used to help stabilize conflict countries, support [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/tackling-corruption-is-focus-for-mena-in-2022/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Libyan Arab Armed Forces</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-libyan-arab-armed-forces/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-libyan-arab-armed-forces/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2021 10:40:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1613</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In recent years, the Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF), under the command of Khalifa Haftar, has dominated authorities in eastern Libya, expanded into southern Libya and sought to capture the capital, Tripoli. Unlike other armed groups, the LAAF has increased its territorial control and absorbed new, diverse forces into its structure. However, the challenge of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-libyan-arab-armed-forces/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Can Libya’s new interim government break the impasse?</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/can-libyas-new-interim-government-break-the-impasse/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/can-libyas-new-interim-government-break-the-impasse/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 16 Feb 2021 09:51:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Governance & accountability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1543</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[On 5 February, the UN-assembled Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF) appointed a new interim government. Intended to see the country through until elections scheduled for 24 December 2021, the appointment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) ostensibly breaks the political deadlock of the past five years. But what can the GNU achieve? And how [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/can-libyas-new-interim-government-break-the-impasse/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Development of Libyan Armed Groups Since 2014</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-development-of-libyan-armed-groups-since-2014/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-development-of-libyan-armed-groups-since-2014/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Abdul Rahman Alageli]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2020 08:55:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=1477</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Community Dynamics and Economic Interests This paper explores armed group&#8211;community relations in Libya and the sources of revenue that have allowed armed groups to grow in power and influence. It draws out the implications for policy and identifies options for mitigating conflict dynamics. Click here to download this research paper.]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/the-development-of-libyan-armed-groups-since-2014/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Libya’s War Economy: Predation, Profiteering and State Weakness</title>
		<link>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/libyas-war-economy-predation-profiteering-and-state-weakness/</link>
					<comments>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/libyas-war-economy-predation-profiteering-and-state-weakness/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tim Eaton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Apr 2018 09:17:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[North Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflict & violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Political economy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/?p=997</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[As Libya&#8217;s war economy persists, prospects for the restoration of functioning central governance become more distant. Click here to download this research paper.]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/libyas-war-economy-predation-profiteering-and-state-weakness/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
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