{"id":5447,"date":"2026-03-31T17:48:45","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T17:48:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/?p=5447"},"modified":"2026-03-31T17:48:45","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T17:48:45","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%81-%d9%8a%d8%b5%d8%a8%d9%8f%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-%d9%84%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%81-%d9%8a%d8%b5%d8%a8%d9%8f%d9%91-%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%91-%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-%d9%84%d8%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u0651\u064f \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"

.Read the article in English here<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064e \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629” \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a>” (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1997).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0651\u064f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0632\u0651\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0623 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

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