{"id":5422,"date":"2026-03-19T16:34:12","date_gmt":"2026-03-19T16:34:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/?p=5422"},"modified":"2026-03-27T13:13:03","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T13:13:03","slug":"%d8%a5%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%af%d9%91%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/ar\/%d8%a5%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%af%d9%91%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/ \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0632\u0627<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648)\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u064e\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2797<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0650\u062f \u2013 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0641\u064a 31 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2025\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 2797 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 2797 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0631\u062c\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 “\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627. [\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 “as basis” \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d \u0642\u0648\u0644 “as a [<\/strong>basis”.<\/p>\n

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