{"id":5095,"date":"2025-09-03T17:47:21","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T17:47:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/?p=5095"},"modified":"2025-09-04T12:38:07","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T12:38:07","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%8e%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%8e%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%b3%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>\u0634\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c 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fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/uncropped_huge\/public\/2025-08\/2025-08-14-iraq-rivers-dams-map_1.png?itok=EsYBSdDb\" width=\"1600\" height=\"902\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i>\u2013 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c Natural Earth\u060c Geohack.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><strong>\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/new-perspectives-on-turkey\/article\/abs\/southeastern-anatolia-project-gap-revisited-the-evolution-of-gap-over-forty-years\/5E172C3BC9DB8EDEF07F9897EF9BAE92\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644<\/a> (GAP) \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 22 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064819 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/new-perspectives-on-turkey\/article\/abs\/southeastern-anatolia-project-gap-revisited-the-evolution-of-gap-over-forty-years\/5E172C3BC9DB8EDEF07F9897EF9BAE92\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0633\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b <a href=\"https:\/\/rudawrc.net\/en\/article\/the-drying-up-of-iraq-and-the-kurdistan-region-a-study-of-domestic-chalenges-and-transboundary-water-control-2025-07-14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/a> \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0649) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/maatpeace.org\/en\/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%81\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/a> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10113-009-0083-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645<\/a> \u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/climate-diplomacy.org\/case-studies\/turkey-syria-and-iraq-conflict-over-euphrates-tigris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639<\/a> \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/north-africa-west-asia\/turkey-reportedly-depriving-hundreds-thousands-people-water\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643<\/a> \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1987\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c 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style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/kalam.chathamhouse.org\/articles\/iraqs-ongoing-struggle-to-solve-its-water-crisis-through-desalination\/\">\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a<\/a> \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2024\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/turkeys-erdogan-iraq-push-reset-ties-cooperation-against-pkk-2024-04-22\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u064f\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a<\/a> \u0639\u062f\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/environment\/press\/iraqs-accession-un-water-convention-opens-new-opportunities-strengthen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 (UNECE) &#8211; \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 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